A Newly Developed Method-Based Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activities in Various Human Liver Diseases.

Studies evaluating xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activities in comprehensive liver diseases are scarce, and different etiologies have previously been combined in groups for comparison. To accurately evaluate XOR activities in liver diseases, the plasma XOR activities in etiology-based comprehensive liver diseases were measured using a novel, sensitive, and accurate assay that is a combination of liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to detect [13C2, 15N2]uric acid using [13C2, 15N2]xanthine as a substrate. We also mainly evaluated the association between the plasma XOR activities and parameters of liver tests, purine metabolism-associated markers, oxidative stress markers, and an inflammation marker. In total, 329 patients and 32 controls were enrolled in our study. Plasma XOR activities were generally increased in liver diseases, especially in the active phase, such as in patients with hepatitis C virus RNA positivity, those with abnormal alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in autoimmune liver diseases, and uncured hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Plasma XOR activities were numerically highest in patients with acute hepatitis B. Plasma XOR activities were closely correlated with parameters of liver tests, especially serum ALT levels, regardless of etiology and plasma xanthine levels. Our results indicated that plasma XOR activity might reflect the active phase in various liver diseases.

[Liver injury in patients with moderate II COVID-19 who received dexamethasone monotherapy].

We examined 171 patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with liver injury in the respiratory failure groups and the nonrespiratory failure groups and investigated 41 patients with moderate II COVID-19 with respiratory failure who received dexamethasone (Dex) monotherapy in the liver injury group and the nonliver injury group at the time before treatment. The respiratory failure group had 64% more liver damage than the nonrespiratory failure group, was older, had more men, and had significantly more complications from lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. Obesity was more common in the liver injury group prior to Dex monotherapy, and the liver CT value was significantly lower than in the nonliver injury group. Liver injury worsened in 41% of patients after Dex monotherapy, but there was no significant difference in the frequency before Dex monotherapy between the liver injury group and the nonliver injury group, and the degree of liver injury was mild in all cases, improving in 38% of the liver injury group. Dex monotherapy was a safe treatment for moderate II COVID-19, which frequently resulted in liver injury.

Adolescents with chronic hepatitis C might be good candidates for direct-acting antiviral therapy.

Three Japanese adolescents with chronic hepatitis C were treated by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). No adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were observed during and after DAA therapy, and a sustained virological response was achieved in all cases. The emotional functioning of the patients and their mothers were improved after DAA therapy.

Mental Health Status of Female Sex Workers Exposed to Violence in Yangon, Myanmar.

Female sex workers (FSWs) are at considerable risk of developing mental disorders due to the potential for violence associated with their work. However, few studies have comprehensively investigated the types of violence and their impact on the mental health of FSWs. Using data collected from 403 FSWs in Yangon, Myanmar, we investigated how various types of violence perpetrated by clients, employers, and partners affect the severity of mental disorders (anxiety and depression) among FSWs. Our results indicate that economic violence perpetrated by clients and threats of violence from partners induce severe symptoms of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, sexual and economic violence perpetrated by employers results in severe symptoms of anxiety.

Assessment of an Automatic Hot Water Sterilizing System-Equipped Dialysis Supply Device's Circuit Degradation, 7 Years Postinstallment.

At most dialysis clinics in Japan, a central dialysis fluid delivery system (CDDS) is used primarily to provide consistent treatment to patients. We incorporated hot water disinfection to a CDDS over a 7 year period, after which we assessed the dialysis purification levels. We observed that adequate levels had been maintained. We rated the internal circuits of the device at the 7 year mark, comparing the insides of both the used and unused new Synflex tubing, silicone blades, Teflon tubing, silicone rubber tubing, and stainless steel parts. No bacteria or contamination (such as endotoxins) was detected, and no degradation or damage were observed. Even after the auto-hot water disinfection system was installed, no internal tubing degradation due to hot water or mechanical issues have occurred, and the system's dialysis fluid purification levels have been maintained.

Successful treatment of Japanese hemophilia patient co-infected with HIV and HCV genotype 4a by glecaprevir/pibrentasvir therapy.

Although direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapies are very effective for patients with genotypes 1 and 2, evidence of the efficacy of DAA-based therapy for the special population of patients with genotypes 3-6 is insufficient due to the relatively small number of these subjects in Japan. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-co-infected patients are recommended to be treated as HCV-mono-infected patients by the latest version of the Japan Society of Hepatology guidelines. However, evidence of efficacy in patients with HIV/HCV genotype 3-6 co-infection is insufficient. Currently, HCV genotypes 3-6 can be treated with two DAA-based therapies, including glecaprevir (GLE)/pibrentasvir (PIB) therapy in Japan. We experienced a relatively rare case of a Japanese hemophilia patient co-infected with HIV/HCV genotype 4a. We evaluated resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) against GLE and PIB before GLE/PIB therapy and found that he had no RASs. He was treated with 12 weeks of GLE/PIB therapy and achieved a sustained virologic response at post-treatment weeks 24. Although the treatment was well tolerated, the patient developed hyper-low-density lipoproteinemia that was probably associated with HCV elimination during the therapy. Additional studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of GLE/PIB therapy for this special population in Japan.

Why did sauropod dinosaurs grow so big? - A possible answer from the life history theory.

Dinosaurs are known for their large body size. Sauropod dinosaurs (Sauropodomorpha) had an especially large body size; some species reached 30 m long and 50 tons. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. In this study we examined this question using the life history theory. We constructed a simple model of life history with the following assumptions: the body size of immature individuals increases following a logistic equation. A higher quality and availability of food plants make the initial growth rate faster and the final saturating size larger. The increase in body size stops once reproduction starts. Fertility increases with adult body size and food-plant quality. Mortality due to predation is mitigated by a larger body size. We calculated the optimal body size at maturity that would maximize the lifetime reproductive success or fitness. The analysis showed that adult body size increased with food-plant quality and availability but decreased with higher mortality due to predators and other factors. This conclusion is consistent with geological studies that suggest a high quality and availability of food plants in the Mesozoic era, efficient air-sac breathing, and the lightweight bones of sauropod dinosaurs, allowing rapid growth of small individuals.

An autopsy case of primary jejunal pouch cancer which protruded from the abdominal wall 14 years after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Adenocarcinoma which develops in the jejunal pouch has rarely been reported, but most of such cases tend to be a recurrence of primary cancer due to the presence of residual or disseminated cancer cells. Primary jejunal pouch cancer is extremely rare. We experienced an autopsy case of primary jejunal pouch cancer which occurred 14 years after proximal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. A female in her late 60s was admitted because of hypoglycemia with liver dysfunction. She underwent total gastrectomy for fundic cancer and had been reconstructed by jejunal pouch interposition 14 years prior to this presentation. Hypoglycemia recovered by nutritional support. Computed tomography demonstrated severe fatty liver and liver biopsy proved non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which was supposed to have been induced by malnutrition. Screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed no tumorous lesions in the jejunal pouch at this time. However, her anorexia gradually progressed and the symptom of bowel obstruction appeared. EGD performed 5 months after the previous EGD revealed adenocarcinoma which extended from the anastomosis of the interposed jejunum. Then liver metastasis developed and jejunal pouch cancer invaded the abdominal wall and protruded with ulcer formation. Finally, the patient died of malnutrition. An autopsy revealed adenocarcinoma which had developed in the interposed jejunal pouch and protruded through the abdominal wall accompanied with lung and liver metastasis. We herein describe this rare case of primary interposed jejunal pouch cancer and discuss our findings including a review of the pertinent literature.

Our Approaches to Selective Plasma Exchange.

Plasma exchange (PE) therapy is the most commonly used treatment in Japan today. The issue with PE is that it removes coagulation factors and other essential molecules during the treatment process. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is used to replace the essential molecules which are lost. However, FFP can be a source of various complications. We have been researching an alternative method, selective PE, consisting of a membrane with smaller pores, which prevents large and essential molecules from being removed while removing waste from the patient's blood.

Methods We Currently Use for Home Hemodialysis Management.

There are approximately 1,330,000 chronic renal failure patients in Japan, and over 30,000 patients are introduced to dialysis therapy annually. By the end of 2015, there were over 320,000 dialysis patients in Japan. Various groups have been working hard to educate all people involved including the patient, their families, doctors, nurses, and caregivers on three important topics: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. Recently, there has been a growing interest in home hemodialysis. Although peritoneal dialysis has existed in Japan for a long time, the number of peritoneal dialysis patients in Japan has not been increasing. Only 3% of the total number of dialysis treatments done here are peritoneal. Despite these circumstances, home hemodialysis therapy has been gaining attention in Japan, which is a big breakthrough. We are at the frontier of improving dialysis; however, introducing home hemodialysis has been a difficult obstacle to overcome. Here, we would like to present our methods of introducing home hemodialysis and how we have dealt with this challenge.

Evaluation of the functions of the temporary catheter with various tip types.

INTRODUCTION: A temporary catheter (TC) is used short-term and for emergencies. There are some cases when we cannot withdraw blood immediately after inserting the catheter in our patients. The reason is said to be the tips of the TC sticking to the vascular walls. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated examined 3 catheters with different tip shapes in a simulation circuit to assess the effect on the blood flow. METHODS: Water was circulated in the simulation circuit at 1 L/minute. Next, we inserted each TC into the model, and the TCs were connected to the dialysis circuit at 200 mL/minute. We put gold powder into the simulation circuit. We visually observed the movement of the gold power at the head of the catheter and measured the recirculation rate. RESULT: The uplift type TC was able to perform blood removal and reinfusion with the least difficulties. All recirculation rates were less than 1%. The hindrance caused by hitting a vascular wall is believed to have been reduced. CONCLUSION: With the manipulation of the catheter tip shapes, blood was able to circulate smoothly. We expect less blood clots and a decrease in sticking to the vascular wall. We plan to study these 3 catheters at clinical tests in the future.

Hydroxyurea-induced Pneumonitis in a Patient with Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: An Autopsy Case.

We describe the case of an 85-year-old man diagnosed with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia whose disease was treated with hydroxyurea for 3 months. He developed respiratory symptoms that were extensively investigated. Despite the intensive treatment, he died of respiratory failure eleven days later. An autopsy revealed diffuse interstitial inflammation of both lungs consistent with drug-induced inflammation. A drug lymphocyte stimulation test was positive for hydroxyurea. Taken together these findings demonstrated that severe interstitial pneumonitis was induced by this drug. Physicians using hydroxyurea must be aware of its potentially life-threatening pulmonary toxicity.

How to monitor vascular access in our hospital.

BACKGROUND: The number of dialysis patients in Japan has amounted to approximately 310,000. Most of the patients undergo hemodialysis. The reason why they can undergo hemodialysis is because maintaining and managing vascular access (VA) has improved. Recently, thanks to the progress of medical equipment, a variety of monitoring systems have been developed. It is important to make good use of these monitoring systems. RESULTS: In our hospital, we have been monitoring with an ultrasonic device and HD02. We measure blood flow of brachial artery with an ultrasonic device during nondialysis treatment. We examine real blood flow and blood recirculation with HD02 and evaluate the function of VA during dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: In order to provide good dialysis care, good use of monitoring devices of VA is significant.

The Impact of Buttonhole Cannulation on Patients and Staff in Hemodialysis Facilities.

The two reasons that patients desire buttonhole cannulation are avoidance of puncture pain and extension of arteriovenous fistula life. Despite the desire to receive buttonhole cannulation by many patients, medical staff at most local hemodialysis facilities tend to hesitate to implement the cannulation method. This method is used on patients in the dialysis unit at Saitama Medical Center, but tends to be discontinued for those patients upon their transfer to local hemodialysis facilities. Medical staff members of one local hemodialysis facility report the percentage of patients on the buttonhole method was 53% in 2007, but that it sharply decreased to 17% in 2013. Hesitation by local hemodialysis facilities to adopt the buttonhole method is due to, but not limited to, several factors. These factors include the frequently occurring trampoline effect, the difficulty of removing scabs, formation of a false buttonhole track, and the pain from insertion of a dull needle. Perceived differences in the value of buttonhole cannulation may potentially affect communication between patients and staff in local hemodialysis facilities.

Dialysate purification after introduction of automated hot water disinfection system to central dialysis fluid delivery system.

Most dialysis clinics in Japan have mainly adopted the central dialysis fluid delivery system (CDDS) to provide constant treatment to many patients. Chemical disinfection is the major maintenance method of the CDDS. Our clinic introduced an automated hot water disinfection system that used the heat conduction effect to disinfect a reverse osmosis (RO) device and dialysis fluid supply equipment. Endotoxin level and the amount of viable bacteria often showed abnormal values before introduction of this system. After its introduction, weekly disinfection resulted in endotoxin levels and the amount of viable bacteria lower than measurement sensitivity. In hot water disinfection, water heated to 90°C in the RO tank flows into the dialysis fluid supply equipment. The maximum temperature inside the tank of the supply equipment is 86.3°C. (We confirmed that the temperature was maintained at 80°C or more for 10 minutes or more during the monitoring.) Dialysate purification was maintained even after introduction of the automated hot water disinfection system and the dialysate could be supplied stably by the CDDS. Therefore, this disinfection system might be very useful in terms of both cost and safety, and can be used for dialysis treatment of multiple patients.